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Explains basic principles of stabilization of large manned spacecraft (including space stations such as Skylab – Apollo Telescope Mount and interplanetary spacecraft) and the use of control moment gyroscopes to maintain stability. The International Space Station (ISS) uses four CMGs.

NASA Langley Research Center Film L-1009.

Public domain film from NASA, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_moment_gyroscope

A control momentum gyroscope (CMG) is an attitude control device generally used in spacecraft attitude control systems. A CMG consists of a spinning rotor and one or more motorized gimbals that tilt the rotor’s angular momentum. As the rotor tilts, the changing angular momentum causes a gyroscopic torque that rotates the spacecraft…

Mechanics

CMGs differ from reaction wheels. The latter applies torque simply by changing rotor spin speed, but the former tilts the rotor’s spin axis without necessarily changing its spin speed. CMGs are also far more power efficient. For a few hundred watts and about 100 kg of mass, large CMGs have produced thousands of newton meters of torque. A reaction wheel of similar capability would require megawatts of power.

Design varieties
Single-gimbal

The most effective CMGs include only a single gimbal. When the gimbal of such a CMG rotates, the change in direction of the rotor’s angular momentum represents a torque that reacts onto the body to which the CMG is mounted, e.g. a spacecraft. Except for effects due to the motion of the spacecraft, this torque is due to a constraint, so it does no mechanical work (i.e., requires no energy). Single-gimbal CMGs exchange angular momentum in a way that requires very little power, with the result that they can apply very large torques for minimal electrical input.

Dual-gimbal

Such a CMG includes two gimbals per rotor. As an actuator it is more versatile than a single-gimbal CMG because it is capable of pointing the rotor’s momentum vector in any direction. However, the torque caused by one gimbal’s motion often must be reacted by the other gimbal on its way to the spacecraft, requiring more power for a given torque than a single-gimbal CMG. If the goal is simply to store momentum in a mass-efficient way, as in the case of the International Space Station, dual-gimbal CMGs are a good design choice. Instead, if a spacecraft requires large output torque per available input power, single-gimbal CMGs are a better choice.

Variable-speed

Most CMGs hold the rotor speed constant. Some academic research has focused on the possibility of spinning the rotor up and down as the CMG gimbals. These so-called variable-speed CMGs (VSCMGs) offer few practical advantages, mostly because the output torque from the rotor is likely orders of magnitude smaller than that caused by the gimbal motion. So, this effect adds nothing of practical value on the time scale of the motion typical of CMGs. However, thanks to the additional degree of freedom, the variable-speed CMG can be used to avoid the geometric singularity that is the most serious drawback of the conventional CMG. The VSCMG also can be used as a mechanical battery to store electric energy as kinetic energy of the flywheels.

Singularities

At least three single-axis CMGs are necessary for control of spacecraft attitude. However, no matter how many CMGs a spacecraft uses, gimbal motion can lead to relative orientations that produce no usable output torque along certain directions. These orientations are known as “singularities” and are related to the kinematics of robotic systems that encounter limits on the end-effector velocities due to certain joint alignments. Avoiding these singularities is naturally of great interest, and several techniques have been proposed. David Bailey and others have argued (in patents and in academic publications) that merely avoiding the “divide by zero” error that is associated with these singularities is sufficient. Two more recent patents summarize competing approaches…

International Space Station

The ISS employs a total of four CMGs as primary actuating devices during normal flight mode operation… CMGs absorb momentum in an attempt to maintain the space station at a desired attitude…

More advice when buying a second hand turbo

https://youtu.be/NppUu3O7ND4

Exhaust Gas Recirculation valve – What’s inside?

https://youtu.be/VDuiCJBBgE4

Just a quick video explaining some important facts about the EGR valve and control solenoids and what to be aware of if buying a used turbo for the XUD turbo-diesel engine. (1.9 and 2.1 engines as fitted to Citroen Xantia, XM, Peugeot 206, 306, 405, 406 and 605). The tips and facts could also be applied to any make of diesel/turbo-diesel that uses conventional mechanical fuel injection. Exhaust gas recirculation is fitted to reduce oxides of nitrogen but more importantly to lower exhaust gas temperatures thus reducing thermal load on the turbo unit. Generally turbos on diesel engines are less heat tolerant than those fitted to petrol engines. One of the side effects of deliberately blanking off or a stuck (in closed position) EGR valve is overheating of the turbo shaft seals which eventually cook which over time allows engine oil to be drawn in and burned along with the fuel. Another symptom is intercoolers contaminated with oil. A light misting is ok but heavy contamination indicates either oil is being forced into the induction system via worn compressor seals or the crankcase is being pressurised due to blocked breathers, malfunctioning PCV unit, or worn bores or rings, worn valve seats – in short a well worn engine.
The XU diesel is generally long lived – IF regularly serviced – but it is NOT ‘bomb proof.’ It doesn’t tolerate lack of servicing or extended oil change intervals. These engines need 6,000 mile oil & filter changes using good quality oil.
Also carry out two basic checks which apply to any turbo whether petrol or diesel fitment;
1. Spin compressor and ensure turbine also spins smoothly. It’s not unknown for shafts to snap due to sudden oil starvation, thermal overload and seizure or foreign object ingestion. Take a torch (flashlight) with you so you can check it properly.
2. Compressor should turn smoothly with no roughness, binding, or tell-tale signs of blade contact with the housing. Also make sure the compressor blades are intact with no chunks missing.